Substance+and+Style+Notes


 * Note Taking Guide **

What is Style?
Some Very Basic Options For Describing Tone: == =
 * Authoritative: commanding/self confident
 * Emotive: able to bring intense feelings
 * Pathos: evokes emotion
 * Didactic: intended to teach, often in a moral instruction with an ulterior motive
 * Objective: not influenced by personal feelings or opinions
 * Ornate: using unusual words and complex structure
 * Scholarly: having or showing knowledge
 * Plain: not elaborate, simple
 * Scientific: systematic, factual, methodical

== = ===Diction: denotation vs. connotation -- the dictionary meaning/literal meaning -- emotions and social overtones help give meaning to the word === == =
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">archaic language: no longer in everyday use/lost meaning in current usage but used in historical novels or in humorous ways
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">formal language: less personal/ often used for academic or professional assignments
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">colloquial language: variety of language commonly employed in conversation/ vernacular
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">ambiguous language: open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">inflated language: puffed up, important sounding to give commonplace things an elevated appearance
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">satirical language: the use of irony, sarcasm or ridicule to expose folly
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">effusive language: showing unrestrained emotion

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">= = ===<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Selection of Detail -- the details the author chooses to show/mention AND WHY ===
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">verisimilitude: credibility/realism/authenticity

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Imagery --visually descriptive or figurative language
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(also called "selection of detail") =<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">= =
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">auditory: sense of hearing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">visual: sense of sight
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">gustatory: sense of taste
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">tactile: sense of touch
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">olfactory: sense of smell
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">kinetic: movement
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">organic: internal sense of being well
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">dark and light: juxtaposition, evil and good

=<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">= = ===<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Figurative Language: Language that is not literal -- so what -- the impact on the reader ===
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">metaphor: comparison without using like (usually more aggressive)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">simile: comparison using like or as
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">hyperbole: extreme exaggeration (satire or irony)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">understatement: saying less than warranted
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">personification: giving human-like qualities to non-human things
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">synecdoche: part represents the whole
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">metonymy: whole represents part
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">paradox: statement that juxtaposes two things that contradicts each other but reinforces an idea
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">apostrophe: addressing something that isn't living

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Point of View:

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">First Person: (Keepers of the House) biased perspective from main character
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Second Person (Beginning of ATKM)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Third Person: God-like narration (often philosophy)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Omniscient: all-knowing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Stream of Consciousness: a person's thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Alternating: occur in turn repeatedly
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Narrator Reliability: his or her proximity in values to the implied author/ the narrator should demonstrate knowledge of the situation and characters

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Organization (including use of time):

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">narrative structure: the content of the story and the form used to tell the story
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">flashback: a scene set in a time earlier than the main story
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">framed story: a story set inside another story
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">formal: academic/less personal
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">informal: personal/relaxed style
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">sonnet forms: The Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet-divided into 2 sections y different rhyming patterns/ The Spenserian Sonnet/ The Shakespearean Sonnet-3 quatrains with alternating rhyme schemes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">villanelle: a 19 lined poem with 2 rhymes throughout/ 5 tercets and a quatrain

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Literary Terms Analyzing Contrast

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Verbal Irony: the speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what they said
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Situational Irony: actions have an affect that is opposite from what was intended
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dramatic Irony: some dramatic event is clear to the audience or reader but not the character
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Oxymoron: apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Paradox: statement that is made up of two opposite things and that seem impossible but is true or possible
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Juxtaposition: comparison of two things placed together

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sound (or musicality descriptors):
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">(Try not say “flowing.”)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">euphony: pleasing to the ear/ harmonious
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">cacophony: a harsh mixture of sounds
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">smooth diction: moves freely/ melodious
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">harsh diction: sharp/caustic

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sound Devices:

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">alliteration: occurrence of the same letter or sound within closely connected words
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">consonance: reoccurring sounds in consonants
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">assonance:reoccurring sounds in vowels
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">onomatopoeia: formation of a word from sound associated with what it's named

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Rhyme:
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Is it free verse?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">formal: sonnet, defined rhyme scheme
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">informal: free style
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">traditional: long established/ well-known rhyme schemes
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">unconventional: unusual or strange
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">absence of: no rhyme scheme

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Meter:
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Is it free verse?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">formal: basic rhythmic structure that separates a languages poetry from prose
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">informal: not a structured or constant meter
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">traditional: well known uses of stressed syllables
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">unconventional: unusual or strange use of stressed and unstressed syllables
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">absence of: no meter

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Allusion:
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Also, within the Greek tragic tradition be aware of ideas such as:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">historical: brief indirect reference to something in history
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">literary: reference to something in a well established work
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Biblical: reference to The Bible
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">mythological: reference to a story/character/event in mythology
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">dramatic unity: a play should have one action that it follows with minimal subplots
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">hubris: excessive pride
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">catharsis: purification/cleansing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Shakespearean: of a characteristic of Shakespeare's work
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">pop:

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Repetition

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">words: repeating certain words
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">images: repeating images or symbols
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">structural: mirror structure/ repetitive/ meter or rhyme
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">grammatical: capitalization/ purposely grammatical ideas
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">rhetorical (i.e. anaphora, etc.)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sentence Types

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">loose: main idea is elaborated by successive additions of modifying clauses or phrases
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">periodic: main clause or predicate at the end
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">parallel: using same patterns of words or structure

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Characterization

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">direct: author states exactly what character is like
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">indirect: personality of character is implied or inferred
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">flat: character isn't deep/shallow
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">round: character has many different qualities
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">static: character does not grow or change
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">stock: stereotypical person/ archetypal characters defined by their flatness
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">developing: character is in process of changing/growing
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">epiphany: sudden insight/knowledge

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Setting

 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">place and time

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">What is Substance?
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Theme: main idea or underlying meaning in an author's work

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Theme vs. Motif: motif is a reoccurring image or symbol that develops a theme whereas a theme is the central idea of the work

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Allegory/Parable: a story that has a hidden meaning / the characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas in human life (often political or historical)

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Universal/Archetypal Characters:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Epic Hero: (in Epic poem) admired for his/her achievements and celebrated as noble and courageous
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Tragic Hero: has a tragic flaw that ultimately leads to his/her own destruction
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Byronic Hero: (variant of Romantic hero) rejects norms of society
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">AntiHero: lacks a conventional heroic attitude (plays dirty, breaks rules)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Outcast: someone who is rejected from society
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Scapegoat: person that is blamed or used for an escape
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Stranger in the Village: offers wisdom and guidance/ mysterious figure that holds great power

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Universal/Archetypal Women:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">earth mother: symbolic of abundance and fertility/ offers spiritual and emotional nourishment to others
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">temptress: seductress/ a beautiful woman whom the protagonist is attracted to which leads to his downfall
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">soul-mate: (in romance stories) two people who complete each other and have been predestined to be together
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">platonic ideal: the idea that each living form possessed a fixed essence that cannot be altered/ each species doesn't chance and maintains it's form
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">maiden: young woman, pure of heart, experimenting with life, full of both love and curiosity, also known as "The Virgin", she is complete by herself
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">mother: devotes herself to other people, selfless soul whose devotion and love are unconditional, unconditional giving
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">crone: looked at by the community as a source of wisdom regarding relationships, family, community, and the personal affairs of women

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Universal/Archetypal Images:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Colors:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">white: innocence, purity, goodness and light, faith
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">green: nature, renewal and rebirth, jealousy, gentle
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">red: sexuality, passion, dangerous, dramatic, violence, power
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">black: powerful, serious, death, sorrow, mysterious
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">blue: intellect, stability, trust, loyalty
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">gold: royalty, wealth, divine, richness and warmth
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Nu <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">mbers:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">one: unity, loneliness
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">three: magic number, trinity, past and present and future
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">nine: divine number 3 multiplied by itself, completion
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">100: completed century, perfection
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Water: cleansing/renewing power with power to destroy as well, femininity
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Yin and Yang (Juxtaposition): Light and Dark: Knowledge and Ignorance:Nature and Garden: characterized by paradise/unspoiled beauty/fertility/often represented as the d of Eden/peace, harmony, and tranquility/ Nature is the caregiver and nurturer
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> females/males, opposite interpretations can both be true
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">light is often good, dark is evil- idea created by humanity
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Tree: denotes life of cosmos, growth, symbol of immortality

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Universal/Archetypal Plots:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Coming-of-Age (Bildungsroman): characters are often awkward or timid in the beginning and face a turning point in their lives/makes small decisions but still unsure of identity/makes a choice that makes them realize their true identity and gain confidence
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mistaken Identity/Farce: a comical dramatic work that uses jokes and horseplay (often representing improbable situations)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Renewal of Life:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Quest/Journey: character goes on quest to find something, yet they end up finding themselves and the quest helps fulfill a whole other purpose
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Spiritual epiphany: a sudden understanding or insight concerning religion

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Novel Types:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Bildungsroman: one's spiritual education
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Dystopian: an imagined place where everything is bad, usually a destroyed environment or dictatorship
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Utopian: state where everything is perfect (often in satire)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Epistolary: literary work in form of letters
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gothic: (18th and 19th centuries) atmosphere of mystery and horror
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Historical: setting is in a period of history and attempts to convey the society (manners, spirit and social conditions) with realistic detail
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Novella: short novel or long short story
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Novel of manners: realistic story that focuses on the customs and values of a certain social class
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Social novel: fictional work about a prevailing social issue

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">GENDER, RACE, AND CLASS AS CONTEMPORARY "OUTCAST" THEMES
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Issues of Gender: gender stereotypes, subjugation of women, differences in society, roles in society
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Issues of Race: often between white and black, social injustices faced by a race, tensions
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Issues of Class: social ambition, climbing up different ranks, juxtaposes the poor and wealthy

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Other Important Themes:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Love: an intense feeling of deep affection
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Religion: belief or worship of Gods/ or God
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Mortality: able to die
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reality: the world or state as the way things exist
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sanity: soundness, rationality, and healthiness of human mind
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Carpe Diem: to take hold of the present and think little of the future
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Pastoral: presents those in nature as free from the corruption of city life/ written about rural area

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Exploring Literary "Substance" Through Philosophical Thought
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Romanticism (vs. Classicism vs. Realism): movement in literature (beginning of 19th century) that focused on personal emotion, imagination, and freedom from rules of form
 * Classicism: associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form (especially pertaining to the Renaissance of the 18th century)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Realism: reaction against romanticism, often depicts middle-class, interest in scientific method, rational philosophy and documentary historyModern Realism: same principals as the realism movement but it focuses on issues in the current time through straightforward language
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">characteristics: comprehensive detail of reality, character is more important than action and plot, characters are complex in their temperament, class is important, events are plausible, diction is in natural vernacular
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Magical Realism: fictional genre in which magical elements blend to create a realistic atmosphere-often to create a deeper understanding of reality
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gothicism: movement focusing on decay, death, terror, chaos and privileged passion and irrationality over reason and rationality (popular in late 18th and 19th centuries) Medieval romance is common/ human morality, graveyards and creatures of terror are focused upon
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Modernism: marked by a strong and intentional break with tradition/ strong reaction against established religious, political and social views/ the world is what we say it is/ there is no absolute truth/experiences of alienation and loss/championship of the individual/life isn;t structured/concerned with inner thoughts
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Postmodernism: experiments and draws inspiration from previous texts to piece together a work all on its own rebellious approach that tests boundaries, playful approach
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Existentialism: theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through the acts of will
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Absurdism: focuses on experiences of characters who are unable to find an intrinsic purpose and life and are thus represented through meaningless action and events
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feminism: the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feminism: the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Literary Theories Of Which College Board Readers Are Aware, Are You?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Feminist:
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How does gender matter/function in this piece?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How are women depicted/portrayed?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">helps us examine how gender is a factor, main focus is on the portrayal of women and how they function are what the limits are for being female
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Psychoanalytic:
 * adopts the methods of reading employed by Freud
 * literary texts express the secret unconscious desires and anxiety of the author (like a dream)/ the work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Marxist:New Historicism: analyzing the work within the framework of the ideas and assumptions during that historical era, the political function of literature and concept of power, focus on revealing the historically specific model of truth and authority, history is a complex description of human reality and evolution
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How does money matter or function in this piece?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How does a power system matter/function?
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">named after Karl Marx, lens helps examine socioeconomic factors that influence plot, events, and characters
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Formalism: attempts to treat a work as its own distinct piece, free from the environment, era, and author/ key to understanding the text due to form alone
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reader-Response: school of criticism which emerged in the 1970s, focusing on finding meaning in the act of reading and how the reader experiences texts/significance of interpretations the reader undergoes in the process: "what do texts do in the minds of readers?"
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reader-Response: school of criticism which emerged in the 1970s, focusing on finding meaning in the act of reading and how the reader experiences texts/significance of interpretations the reader undergoes in the process: "what do texts do in the minds of readers?"